ABSTRACT
Asian dust can be transported at least one full circuit around the globe. During the transportation, dust can interact with local air-borne dust and pollutants, and has a profound impact on the environment. A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been affecting human activities worldwide since early 2020. The Chinese government has implemented emergency control measures. Since April 2020, control measures to reduce anthropogenic emissions have been gradually reduced. The optical properties of aerosols during the dust transport were affected by meteorological conditions, local environmental conditions and human activities. Therefore, two dust weather processes in March 2018 and March 2020 were screened under similar meteorological fields and transportation paths, which were mainly affected by human activities. Based on lidar data, in East China, compared with 2018, the average aerosol optical depth (AOD) of all types of aerosols at 0-4 km in 2020 decreased by 55.48%, while the AOD of dust aerosols decreased by 43.59%. The average particle depolarization ratio and color ratio decreased by 40.33 and 10.56% respectively. Due to the reduction of anthropogenic emissions in China (detected by lidar), the concentration of surface PM2.5 decreased by 57.47%. This indicated that due to the decrease in human activities caused by COVID-19 control measures, the optical properties of aerosols were significantly reduced during dust weather process in eastern China. However, in the Pacific region, compared with 2018, the AOD values of 0-1 km layer and 1-6 km layer in 2020 increased by 56.4% and decreased by 29.2% respectively. The difference between the two contributions of dust aerosols was very small. Meanwhile, compared with 2018, China's near surface pollutants decreased significantly in 2020, indicating that the near surface AOD of the Pacific in 2020 was mainly contributed by local pollutants. This study was of great significance to the study of long-range and cross regional transport of pollutants.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of timely inclusion of medical insurance on the use of high-quality domestic innovative drugs, using the domestic innovative drug, icotinib, as an example. METHODS Province X and province Z with large difference on the timing to include icotinib in medical insurance were selected as sample provinces to compare and analyze the price, volume and expenditure changes of three targeted drugs (gefitinib, erlotinib and icotinib) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), using the sample hospital procurement data covering two provinces from 2013 to 2018 in the China Medical Economic Information Network (CMEI) database. RESULTS In two sample provinces, icotinib's daily cost had been the lowest among three sample drug's for a long time. Province Z has included icotinib in the basic health insurance since 2013. After that, the market shares of icotinib's volume and expenditure had increased rapidly from 0, and remained at about 85% for a long period of time, occupying the dominant position in province Z's market. However, province X has not included icotinib until 2016. The highest market share of icotinib's volume was only 8% in province X's market. There was little difference of sample drugs' daily cost between two provinces. After the national health insurance negotiation, the daily cost of sample drugs decreased significantly, with an overall decrease between 60% to 79%. By the second half of 2018, the daily cost of sample drugs was almost the same. CONCLUSION Timely inclusion of high-quality domestic innovative drugs in the scope of medical insurance reimbursement can greatly promote the use of high-quality domestic innovative drugs. Compared with foreign drugs with same indications, high-quality domestic innovative drugs can save money for patients, which will greatly benefit them.